James Overton Broadhead (born May 29, 1819) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri. He represented Missouri’s 9th Congressional District and served a single term in Congress. Broadhead’s tenure places him among the historical members of Congress from the post–Civil War era, reflecting Missouri’s political landscape in the late nineteenth century.

Broadhead served as a Representative from December 3, 1883, to March 3, 1885. During this period, he held office as a Democrat, representing the interests of his Missouri constituents in the U.S. House of Representatives. His service in the 9th District marked his only term in Congress, after which he left federal office and is recorded as a former member.