Samuel Hughes Woodson (October 24, 1815 – June 23, 1881) was an American politician and slave owner who was a U.S. representative from Missouri.

Woodson was son of Samuel Hughes Woodson (1777–1827). He was born near Nicholasville, Kentucky and attended public schools. He graduated from Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, and the law department of Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. He was admitted to the bar in 1838 and commenced the practice of law in Independence, Missouri, in 1840.

Woodson served as member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854. He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1855. He was elected on the American Party ticket to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861).